Understanding and treating clinical depression

What is depression?

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a serious mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and a range of emotional and physical symptoms that significantly interfere with daily life.

Unlike normal sadness or grief, which are temporary responses to life events, depression is a pervasive condition lasting weeks, months, or years. It affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities — including sleep, eating, and work.

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 280 million people globally. In the United States, 21 million adults (8.4% of the population) experience at least one major depressive episode annually. Women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression.

Types of depressive disorders

Depression presents in several forms, each with distinct features and treatment considerations.

Evidence-based approaches

Depression is highly treatable. Approximately 80-90% of people with depression eventually respond well to treatment. Most patients experience symptom relief with therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

• First-line

  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

  CBT helps identify and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors. Research shows CBT is as effective as medication for mild-to-moderate depression, with lasting benefits after treatment ends.

• First-line

  Antidepressant Medication

  SSRIs (sertraline, escitalopram) and SNRIs (venlafaxine, duloxetine) are first-line medications. Typically take 4-6 weeks for full effect. Effective for moderate-to-severe depression.

• Evidence-based

  Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

  Focuses on improving relationships and communication patterns. Particularly effective for depression triggered by life changes, grief, or interpersonal conflict.

• Adjunctive

  Lifestyle Changes

  Regular exercise, sleep hygiene, social connection, and stress management show moderate benefits and enhance other treatments. Not sufficient as sole therapy for moderate-to-severe depression.